FATE, TRANSPORT AND TOXICITY OF NANOSCALE ZERO- VALENT IRON (nZVI) USED DURING SUPERFUND REMEDIATION

Studies grantee under a fellowship from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This report was not subject to EPA peer review or technical review. The EPA makes no warranties, expressed or implied, including without limitation, warranty for completeness, accuracy, or usefulness of the information, warranties as to the merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. Moreover, the listing of any technology, corporation, company, person, or facility in this report does not constitute endorsement, approval, or recommendation by the EPA. The report contains information attained from a wide variety of currently available sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, Internet websites, and personal communication with both academically and commercially employed sources. No attempts were made to independently confirm the resources used. It has been produced to help provide federal agencies, states, consulting/engineering firms, private industries, and technology developers with information on the current status of this field. The National Network for Environmental Management Studies (NNEMS) is a comprehensive fellowship program managed by the Environmental Education Division of EPA. The purpose of the NNEMS Program is to provide students with practical research opportunities and experiences. Each participating headquarters or regional office develops and sponsors projects for student research. The projects are narrow in scope to allow the student to complete the research by working full-time during the summer or part-time during the school year. NNEMS fellows receive a stipend determined by the student's level of education and the duration of the research project. Fellowships are offered to undergraduate and graduate students. Students must meet certain eligibility criteria. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank the various individuals and groups who contributed to this report as reviewers and as contributors. Most importantly, I would like to thank everyone in the Technology Innovation and Field Services Division of the Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. Specifically, I would like to thank my mentor, Marti Otto, for her guidance. I would also like to thank all of the people both in the academic and commercial field who contributed information to this report. Please note their names in the reference section. Abstract As a result of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has increased consideration and implementation of newer and more efficient innovative technologies to treat wastes rather than the traditional " dig-and-haul " and " pump-and-treat " methods for removing contaminated soils and …